畢業(yè)論文：Background of English Loanwords and Japanese Kanji Loanwords in Mandarin Ch

英文畢業(yè)論文

1. Introduction
1.1 Background of English Loanwords and Japanese Kanji Loanwords in Mandarin Chinese
A language may loan from certain major sources. This is the case with Chinese. For various historical and geographical reasons, Mandarin Chinese has loaned largely from English and Japanese. English is an alphabetic language, while Chinese is a pictographic language; in English words there are stresses but no tones, while in Chinese words there are tone undulations but no stresses; however, both Japanese and Mandarin Chinese are in Sinosphere , that make assimilated and adapted Japanese kanji loanwords come into Mandarin Chinese easier than English loanwords. Before the first half of the 20th century, Japanese came into contact with English earlier than Chinese. From the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China(from mid-nineteenth century to early 20th century), owing to the urgent introduction of Western inventions and thoughts, and the shortage of loanwords in the early stage of Mandarin Chinese le*is, Japanese edition of Western books involving many spheres, such as science, technology, art, literature, politics, philosophy, economic, law, medicine, warfare, architecture, and every aspect of daily life turned into a short-term e*pedient for Chinese scholars, gradually
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ly distinguishing foreign words and loanwords is conductive to the e*plicit conception of loanword. Integrated loanword indicates that morphological changes may happen during the adaptation and assimilation. Abbreviation is a way to adapt the loanword for the syllable acceptability. It also happened in Mandarin Chinese, e.g. specialist(English)→senmonka専門家(せんもんか)(Japanese)→專(zhuān)家(jiā)(Chinese); post office(English)→yūbinkyoku郵便局(ゆうびんきょく)(Japanese)→郵(yóu)局(jú)(Chinese). Many loanwords in Mandarin Chinese is hard to be distinguished from native Mandarin words because most of such words were loaned in Chinese characters. In this paper we only research on the general linguistic process of certain loanwords which are based on the achievements of certain Chinese and Japanese linguists in Japanese kanji research, that had passed English to Japanese, then to Chinese. With regard to some typical ways to distinguish Japanese kanji loanwords from Mandarin Chinese native-created loanwords, we would discuss some of them if necessary.
3. Reverse Loan and Japanese Le*is Classification
3.1 Reverse Loan
E*cept the recent emerging acronym words and blend words, Mandarin Chinese le*ical is written in Chinese character and Mandarin etymology always refers to classical Chinese and allusions to search for word prototype, but does not pay attention to whether the meaning of Mandarin Chinese is the same as the classical Chinese. Mandarin Chinese words’ meaning are took over from reverse loans, e.g. 　　hokewa 保險(ほけわ)(insurance)，hyōh(huán)on 標本(ひょうほん)(specimen), kakumei 革命(かくめい)(revolution), minsyu 民主(みんしゅ)(democracy), so the amount of Chinese loanwords looks like small. In regard to the way to distinguish Japanese reverse loan from Chinese native-created words, Gu Jiangpin, a Sino-Japanese scholar, has indicated in 漢語中的日語借詞研究(A research on Japanese loanwords in Mandarin Chinese) , and I reduce them to three phases: 1) Search for the Chinese words with etymology noted 源(yuán)日(rì)(from Japanese) in 漢語外來語詞典(Dictionary of Chinese loanword) ; 2) put these words into 漢語大詞典(Chinese Dictionary), combines with the e*planation and illustration of the era, to make sure whether the Mandarin meanings e*ist in classical Chinese or not and when such meanings generate. 3) the word whose Mandarin meanings do not e*ist in classical Chinese or the generation era clearly in the period of early stage of Mandarin Chinese, is Japanese reverse loan. By this way, we can find out at least 150 such consilient words(in Chinese):
白金(báijīn), 保險(bǎo*iǎn), 保障(bǎozhàng), 悲觀(bēiguān), 辯護士(biànhùshì), 標本(biāoběn), 表象(biǎo*iàng), 博士(bóshì), 博物(bówù), 初夜權(quán)(chūyèquán), 代表(dàibiǎo), 代言人(dàiyánrén), 單位(dānwèi), 單行本(dān*íngběn), 道具(dàojù), 登記(dēngjì), 獨占(dúzhàn), 發(fā)明(fāmíng), 法律(fǎlǜ), 反對(fǎnduì), 方程式(fāngchéngshì), 分配(fēnpèi), 分析(fēn*ī), 分子(fēnzǐ), 風琴(fēngqín), 提琴(tíqín), 封鎖(fēngsuǒ), 服用(fúyòng), 浮世繪(fúshìhuì), 干部(gànbù), 干事(gànshi), 干線(gàn*iàn), 革命(gémìng), 攻守同盟(gōngshǒutóngméng), 共和(gònghé), 規(guī)范(guīfàn), 規(guī)則(guīzé), 過渡(guòdù), 會計(kuàijì), 機關(guān)(jīguān), 機械(jī*iè), 計劃(jìhuà), 記錄(jìlù), 演習(yǎn*í), 交換(jiāohuàn), 交際(jiāojì), 交通(jiāotōng), 膠著語(jiāozhuóyǔ), 教授(jiàoshòu), 教育學(jiàoyù*ué), 節(jié)約(jiéyuē), 解放(jiěfàng), 經(jīng)費(jīngfèi), 經(jīng)濟(jīngjì), 拘留(jūliú), 具體(jùtǐ), 軍國主義(jūnguózhǔyì), 軍籍(jūnjí), 軍需品(jūn*ūpǐn), 抗議(kàngyì), 科目(kēmù), 課程(kèchéng), 勞動(láodòng), 勞動者(láodòngzhě), 理論(lǐlùn), 理事(lǐshì), 理性(lǐ*ìng), 列車(lièchē), 倫理學(lúnlǐ*ué), 論理學(lùnlǐ*ué), 麥酒(màijiǔ), 美化(měihuà), 民法(mínfǎ), 民主(mínzhǔ), 目的(mùdì), 內(nèi)閣(nèigé), 能力(nénglì), 偶然(ǒurán), 判決(pànjué), 騎士(qíshì), 氣氛(qìfēn), 氣質(zhì)(qìzhì), 牽引車(qiānyǐnchē), 鉛筆(qiānbǐ), 侵犯(qīnfàn), 勤務(wù)(qínwù), 柔道(róudào), 神經(jīng)(shénjīng), 神經(jīng)過敏(shénjīngguòmǐn), 神經(jīng)衰弱(shénjīngshuāiruò), 生產(chǎn)(shēngchǎn), 生產(chǎn)關(guān)系(shēngchǎnguān*ì), 生產(chǎn)力(shēngchǎnlì), 生命線(shēngmìng*iàn), 世紀(shìjì), 事變(shìbiàn), 輸入(shūrù), 水準(shuǐzhǔn), 私法(sīfǎ), 思想(sī*iǎng), 素質(zhì)(sùzhì), 所得稅(suǒdéshuì), 條件(tiáojiàn), 同情(tóngqíng), 投機(tóujī), 胃潰瘍(wèikuìyáng), 溫室(wēnshì), 文化(wénhuà), 文明(wénmíng), 文學(wén*ué), 物理(wùlǐ), 物理學(wùlǐ*ué), 悟性(wù*ìng), 相對(*iāngduì), 新聞記者(*īnwénjìzhě), 信用(*ìnyòng), 形而上學(*íngérshàng*ué), 虛無主義(*ūwúzhǔyì), 宣傳(*uānchuán), 選舉(*uǎnjǔ), 學府(*uéfǔ), 學士(*uéshì), 詢問(*únwèn), 演說(yǎnshuō), 演繹(yǎnyì), 羊羹(yánggēng), 遺傳(yíchuán), 藝術(shù)(yìshù), 議決(yìjué), 異物(yìwù), 意匠(yìjiàng), 意識(yìshí), 意義(yìyì), 游弋(yóuyì), 右翼(yòuyì), 預(yù)備役(yùbèiyì), 預(yù)算(yùsuàn), 元帥(yuánshuài), 運動(yùndòng), 運轉(zhuǎn)手(yùnzhuǎnshǒu), 哲學(zhé*ué), 真空管(zhēnkōngguǎn), 知識(zhīshi), 制御器(zhìyùqì), 主人公(zhǔréngōng), 主食(zhǔshí), 主體(zhǔtǐ), 注射(zhùshè), 資本(zīběn), ……（未完，全文共32273字，當前僅顯示5804字，請閱讀下面提示信息。收藏《畢業(yè)論文：Background of English Loanwords and Japanese Kanji Loanwords in Mandarin Ch》）